If you have spent any time at all working with a computer, then chances
are good that you have used a floppy disk at some point. The
floppy disk drive (FDD) was the primary means of adding data to a
computer until the CD-ROM
drive became popular. In fact, FDDs have been an key component of most
personal computers for more than 20 years.
Basically, a floppy disk drive reads and writes data to a small, circular
piece of metal-coated plastic similar to audio cassette tape. In this
edition of How
Stuff Works, you will learn more about what is inside a floppy disk
drive and how it works. You will also find out some cool facts about FDDs.
History of the Floppy
Disk Drive
The floppy disk drive (FDD) was invented at IBM by Alan Shugart in
1967. The first floppy drives used an 8-inch
disk (later
called a "diskette" as it got smaller), which evolved into the
5.25-inch disk that was used on the first IBM Personal Computer in August
1981. The 5.25-inch disk held 360 kilobytes compared to the 1.44 megabyte
capacity of today's 3.5-inch diskette.
The 5.25-inch disks were dubbed "floppy" because the diskette
packaging was a very flexible plastic envelope, unlike the rigid case
used to hold today's 3.5-inch diskettes.
By the mid-1980s, the improved designs of the read/write heads, along
with improvements in the magnetic recording media, led to the less-flexible,
3.5-inch, 1.44-megabyte (MB) capacity FDD in use today. For a few years,
computers had both FDD sizes (3.5-inch and 5.25-inch). But by the mid-1990s,
the 5.25-inch version had fallen out of popularity, partly because the
diskette's recording surface could easily become contaminated by
fingerprints through the open access area.
Parts of a Floppy Disk
Drive
Floppy Disk Drive Terminology
- Floppy disk - Also called diskette. The common size is 3.5
inches.
- Floppy disk drive - The electromechanical device that reads
and writes floppy disks.
- Track - Concentric ring of data on a side of a disk.
- Sector - A subset of a track, similar to wedge or a slice
of pie.
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The Disk
A floppy disk is a lot like a
cassette tape:
- Both use a thin plastic base material coated with iron oxide. This
oxide is a ferromagnetic material, meaning that if you expose it to
a magnetic field it is permanently magnetized by the field.
- Both can record information instantly.
- Both can be erased and reused many times.
- Both are very inexpensive and easy to use.
If you have ever used an audio cassette, you know that it has one big
disadvantage -- it is a sequential device. The tape has a beginning
and an end, and to move the tape to another song later in the sequence of
songs on the tape you have to use the fast forward and rewind buttons to
find the start of the song, since the tape heads are stationary. For a long
audio cassette tape it can take a minute or two to rewind the whole tape,
making it hard to find a song in the middle of the tape.
A floppy disk, like a cassette tape, is made from a thin piece of plastic
coated with a magnetic material on both sides. However, it is shaped like a
disk rather than a long thin ribbon. The tracks are arranged in
concentric rings so that the software can jump from "file 1" to "file
19" without having to fast forward through files 2-18. The diskette spins
like a record and the heads move to the correct track, providing what is
known as direct access storage.
In the illustration above, you can see how the disk
is divided into tracks (brown) and sectors (yellow).
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The Drive
The major parts of a FDD include:
- Read/Write Heads: Located on both sides of a diskette, they
move together on the same assembly. The
heads are not
directly opposite each other in an effort to prevent interaction between
write operations on each of the two media surfaces. The same head is used
for reading and writing, while a second, wider head is used for erasing a
track just prior to it being written. This allows the data to be written
on a wider "clean slate," without interfering with the analog data on an
adjacent track.
- Drive Motor: A very small spindle
motor engages
the metal hub at the center of the diskette, spinning it at either 300 or
360 rotations per minute (RPM).
- Stepper Motor: This motor makes a precise number of stepped
revolutions to move the read/write head assembly to the proper track
position. The read/write head assembly is fastened to the stepper motor
shaft.
- Mechanical Frame: A system of levers that opens the little
protective window on the diskette to allow the read/write heads to touch
the dual-sided diskette media. An external button allows the diskette to
be ejected, at which point the spring-loaded protective window on the
diskette closes.
- Circuit Board: Contains all of the
electronics to handle the data read from or written to the diskette.
It also controls the stepper-motor control circuits used to move the
read/write heads to each track, as well as the movement of the read/write
heads toward the diskette surface.
The read/write heads do not touch the diskette media when the heads are
traveling between tracks. Electronic optics check for the presence of an
opening in the lower corner of a 3.5-inch diskette (or a notch in the side
of a 5.25-inch diskette) to see if the user wants to prevent data from being
written on it.
Click on the picture to see a brief video of a
diskette being inserted. Look for the silver, sliding door opening up
and the read/write heads being lowered to the diskette surface.
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Read/write heads for each side of the diskette
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Writing Data on a Floppy
Disk
The following is an overview of how a floppy disk drive writes data to a
floppy disk. Reading data is very similar. Here's what happens:
- The computer program passes an instruction to the computer
hardware to write a data file on a floppy disk, which is very similar to a
single platter in a
hard disk drive
except that it is spinning much slower, with far less capacity and slower
access time.
- The computer hardware and the floppy-disk-drive controller start the
motor in the diskette drive to spin the floppy disk.
The disk has many concentric tracks on each side. Each track is divided
into smaller segments called sectors, like slices of a pie.
- A second motor, called a stepper motor, rotates a worm-gear
shaft (a miniature version of the worm gear in a bench-top vise) in
minute increments that match the spacing between tracks.
The time it takes to get to the correct track is called "access time."
This stepping action (partial revolutions) of the stepper motor moves the
read/write heads like the jaws of a bench-top vise. The floppy-disk-drive
electronics know how may steps the motor has to turn to move the
read/write heads to the correct track.
- The read/write heads stop at the track. The read head checks
the prewritten address on the formatted diskette to be sure it is
using the correct side of the diskette and is at the proper track. This
operation is very similar to the way a record player automatically goes to
a certain groove on a vinyl record.
- Before the data from the program is written to the diskette, an
erase coil (on the same read/write head assembly) is energized to
"clear" a wide, "clean slate" sector prior to writing the sector data with
the write head. The erased sector is wider than the written sector -- this
way, no signals from sectors in adjacent tracks will interfere with the
sector in the track being written.
- The energized write head puts data on the diskette by
magnetizing minute, iron, bar-magnet particles embedded in the diskette
surface, very similar to the technology used in the mag stripe on the back
of a credit
card. The magnetized particles have their north and south poles
oriented in such a way that their pattern may be detected and read on a
subsequent read operation.
- The diskette stops spinning. The floppy disk drive waits for
the next command.
On a typical floppy disk drive, the small indicator light stays on during
all of the above operations.
Floppy Disk Drive Facts
Here are some interesting things to note about FDDs:
- Two floppy disks do not get corrupted if they are stored together, due
to the low level of magnetism in each one.
- In your PC, there is a twist in the FDD data-ribbon cable -- this
twist tells the computer whether the drive is an A-drive or a B-drive.
- Like many household appliances, there are really no serviceable parts
in today's FDDs. This is because the cost of a new drive is considerably
less than the hourly rate typically charged to disassemble and repair a
drive.
- If you wish to redisplay the data on a diskette drive after changing a
diskette, you can simply tap the F5 key (in most Windows applications).
- In the corner of every 3.5-inch diskette, there is a small slider. If
you uncover the hole by moving the slider, you have protected the data on
the diskette from being written over or erased.
- Floppy disks, while rarely used to distribute software (as in the
past), are still used in these applications:
- in some Sony
digital
cameras
- for software recovery after a system crash or a
virus attack
- when data from one computer is needed on a second computer and the
two computers are not
networked
- in bootable diskettes used for updating the
BIOS on a
personal computer
- in high-density form, used in the popular Zip drive